ISSN: 1595-5842 | E-ISSN: 3043-5463 | Google Indexed | DOI Registered with Crossref | Peer-Reviewed Open Access Journal
Alvan Journal of Social Sciences International Peer-Reviewed Open Access Journal
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Alvan Journal of Social Sciences (AJSS)

ISSN: 1595-5842 | E-ISSN: 3043-5463 | DOI Registered with Crossref | Google Indexed

A scholarly platform for interdisciplinary research in governance, procurement, sustainability, education, development studies, environmental management, logistics, and the wider social sciences.

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Volume 3, Issue 1 (2026)

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Research Article

Transparency and Accountability in Public Procurement

N. O. Chibundu, B. U. Dike, U. Chris-Ejiogu

Pages 14-23 Read Article
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Urban Mass Transit and Socio-Economic Development in Abuja

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Pages 35-49 Read Article
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Library-Led Open Access Publishing and Scholarly Communication

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Pages 186-193 Read Article

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Prof. Ngozi Casmir Ebomuche

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AJSS Article 015

← Volume 3, Issue 2 Contents

SECURITY EXPENDITURE, ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN NIGERIA: A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS (2000-2024)

Ambrose Ndubuisi Chima; Hyginus Chukwuemeka Anyanwu; Celestine Obioma Okike; Gladys Ifeoma Nwachukwu

Journal
Alvan Journal of Social Sciences
Volume/Issue
3(2), 2026
Pages
173-182
DOI
10.67638/ajss-2026-v3-i2-015
Keywords
Military expenditure, economic growth, greenhouse gas emissions, renewable energy, forest cover, ECOWAS panel.
Corresponding author
Ambrose Ndubuisi Chima
Email
chimandu4real@gmail.com
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Abstract

The paper focuses on discussing the relationship between security spending and economic growth and environmental sustainability in Nigeria during 2000 - 2024 and also compares Nigeria to a West African (ECOWAS) panel standard. Annual data are obtained with references to the World Bank database, World Development Indicators (WDI) through the following: military expenditure as a share of GDP (MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS), GDP per capita growth (NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.ZG), and the emission of greenhouse-gases (GHG) per capita excluding land-use change and forestry (EN.GHG.ALL.PC.CE.AR5). Environmental sustainability is quantified (i) directly in the form of (GHG emissions per capita) and (ii) in the form of a composite index, which augments with renewable energy utilization and forest coverage and declines with emissions. A case study of pooled and fixed-effects (country and year) panel models with cluster-robust standard errors is estimated using time-series data on Nigeria only. In terms of the average military spending during the period, Nigeria spends an average of 0.56 percent of GDP on military expenditure, which is lower compared to the average 2.12 percent in ECOWAS, whereas average GHG emissions per capita are approximately 1.98 tCO2, which is higher than the ECOWAS average. Empirical studies have shown that, in a pooled estimation, high military expenditure correlates with a greater emission, although correlation in within-country (fixed-effects) estimation is less, an indication that the correlation may largely be cross country. The growth of military expenditure and the growth of GDP per capita are both negatively related to sustainability when the environmental sustainability is gauged using the composite index (2000 - 2021). The findings emphasize that security policies are required to reduce the environmental externalities and the growth policies need to be such that welfare gains are not coupled to emissions as a result of energy transition and land protection.

Citation

Ambrose Ndubuisi Chima; Hyginus Chukwuemeka Anyanwu; Celestine Obioma Okike; Gladys Ifeoma Nwachukwu (2026). SECURITY EXPENDITURE, ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN NIGERIA: A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS (2000-2024). Alvan Journal of Social Sciences, 3(2), 173-182. https://doi.org/10.67638/ajss-2026-v3-i2-015

Ambrose Ndubuisi Chima
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